Accounting for Managers – MBA 1st Semester Notes
1. Concept of Accounting
Definition: Accounting is the process of recording, classifying, summarizing, and interpreting financial transactions of a business in monetary terms.
Main Purpose: To provide financial information to managers, investors, creditors, and other stakeholders for decision-making.
Key Functions:
Recording → Day-to-day transactions (Bookkeeping).
Classifying → Sorting data into categories (ledger accounts).
Summarizing → Preparing statements (Trial balance, P&L, Balance sheet).
Analyzing & Interpreting → For business decisions.
2. Importance of Accounting for Managers
Decision-making → Helps managers analyze profitability, costs, and investments.
Planning & Control → Budgets and variance analysis guide future activities.
Performance Evaluation → Assesses employee, departmental, and organizational performance.
Legal Requirement → Companies Act, Income Tax, and GST laws require proper accounts.
Financial Communication → Provides information to shareholders, creditors, and government.
Cost Control → Identifies wastage, unnecessary expenses, and cost reduction opportunities.
3. Scope of Accounting
Accounting is not limited to bookkeeping; it covers multiple branches:
Financial Accounting → Recording and reporting financial transactions.
Cost Accounting → Controlling and reducing cost of operations.
Management Accounting → Assisting management in planning, decision-making, and control.
Auditing → Independent examination of accounts.
Tax Accounting → Handling GST, income tax, and compliance.
Social Responsibility Accounting → Reporting CSR and environmental costs.
4. Principle of Double Entry System
Concept: Every business transaction has two aspects – Debit and Credit.
Rule: For every debit, there must be a corresponding credit of equal amount.
Golden Rules of Accounting:
Personal Account: Debit the receiver, Credit the giver.
Real Account: Debit what comes in, Credit what goes out.
Nominal Account: Debit all expenses & losses, Credit all incomes & gains.
Example:
If a company purchases goods worth ₹10,000 in cash:
Purchases A/c (Dr) ₹10,000
Cash A/c (Cr) ₹10,000
5. Ledger Accounting
Definition: A ledger is a book (or electronic record) where all journal entries are posted account-wise. It shows the cumulative effect of all transactions related to a particular account.
Process:
Journalizing → Record transactions in journal.
Posting → Transfer entries into ledger accounts.
Balancing → Find the debit/credit balance of each account.
Types of Ledgers:
General Ledger (all accounts)
Debtors Ledger (Accounts Receivable)
Creditors Ledger (Accounts Payabl
6. Preparation of Trial Balance
Definition: A trial balance is a statement that lists the balances of all ledger accounts (both debit and credit) on a particular date to check arithmetical accuracy.
Purpose:
Ensure total debits = total credits.
Detect posting or calculation errors.
Provide the basis for preparing final accounts.
Steps to Prepare Trial Balance:
Balance each ledger account.
Enter debit balances in the debit column, credit balances in the credit column.
Total both columns → they must be equal.
Format:
Particulars (Account Name)
Debit Balance (₹)
Credit Balance (₹)
Cash A/c
50,000
–
Purchases A/c
30,000
–
Sales A/c
–
40,000
Capital A/c
–
40,000
Rent A/c
5,000
–
Total
85,000
85,000
✅ Summary for Exams:
Accounting = Language of business.
Importance = Helps managers in decision-making, planning, control, compliance.
Scope = Financial, cost, management, auditing, tax, CSR.
Double Entry = Debit & Credit (Golden Rules).
Ledger = Classified accounts.
Trial Balance = Check accuracy of accounts before preparing P&L and Balance Sheet.
📘 Accounting for Managers – MBA 1st Semester Notes
1. Concept of Accounting
Definition: Accounting is the process of recording, classifying, summarizing, and interpreting financial transactions of a business in monetary terms.
Main Purpose: To provide financial information to managers, investors, creditors, and other stakeholders for decision-making.
Key Functions:
Recording → Day-to-day transactions (Bookkeeping).
Classifying → Sorting data into categories (ledger accounts).
Summarizing → Preparing statements (Trial balance, P&L, Balance sheet).
Analyzing & Interpreting → For business decisions.
2. Importance of Accounting for Managers
Decision-making → Helps managers analyze profitability, costs, and investments.
Planning & Control → Budgets and variance analysis guide future activities.
Performance Evaluation → Assesses employee, departmental, and organizational performance.
Legal Requirement → Companies Act, Income Tax, and GST laws require proper accounts.
Financial Communication → Provides information to shareholders, creditors, and government.
Cost Control → Identifies wastage, unnecessary expenses, and cost reduction opportunities.
3. Scope of Accounting
Accounting is not limited to bookkeeping; it covers multiple branches:
Financial Accounting → Recording and reporting financial transactions.
Cost Accounting → Controlling and reducing cost of operations.
Management Accounting → Assisting management in planning, decision-making, and control.
Auditing → Independent examination of accounts.
Tax Accounting → Handling GST, income tax, and compliance.
Social Responsibility Accounting → Reporting CSR and environmental costs.
4. Principle of Double Entry System
Concept: Every business transaction has two aspects – Debit and Credit.
Rule: For every debit, there must be a corresponding credit of equal amount.
Golden Rules of Accounting:
Personal Account: Debit the receiver, Credit the giver.
Real Account: Debit what comes in, Credit what goes out.
Nominal Account: Debit all expenses & losses, Credit all incomes & gains.
Example:
If a company purchases goods worth ₹10,000 in cash:
Purchases A/c (Dr) ₹10,000
Cash A/c (Cr) ₹10,000
5. Ledger Accounting
Definition: A ledger is a book (or electronic record) where all journal entries are posted account-wise. It shows the cumulative effect of all transactions related to a particular account.
Process:
Journalizing → Record transactions in journal.
Posting → Transfer entries into ledger accounts.
Balancing → Find the debit/credit balance of each account.
Types of Ledgers:
General Ledger (all accounts)
Debtors Ledger (Accounts Receivable)
Creditors Ledger (Accounts Payabl
6. Preparation of Trial Balance
Definition: A trial balance is a statement that lists the balances of all ledger accounts (both debit and credit) on a particular date to check arithmetical accuracy.
Purpose:
Ensure total debits = total credits.
Detect posting or calculation errors.
Provide the basis for preparing final accounts.
Steps to Prepare Trial Balance:
Balance each ledger account.
Enter debit balances in the debit column, credit balances in the credit column.
Total both columns → they must be equal.
Format:
Particulars (Account Name)
Debit Balance (₹)
Credit Balance (₹)
Cash A/c
50,000
–
Purchases A/c
30,000
–
Sales A/c
–
40,000
Capital A/c
–
40,000
Rent A/c
5,000
–
Total
85,000
85,000
✅ Summary for Exams:
Accounting = Language of business.
Importance = Helps managers in decision-making, planning, control, compliance.
Scope = Financial, cost, management, auditing, tax, CSR.
Double Entry = Debit & Credit (Golden Rules).
Ledger = Classified accounts.
Trial Balance = Check accuracy of accounts before preparing P&L and Balance Sheet.
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who won the Nobel Prize
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At this point in your progress, you should be able to key at least 25 words a minute without looking at the keyboard. You should be exhibiting proper techniques and feel confident about your skills. Your new skills will be useful in keying programs, word processing, and correspondence.
People who have not acquired keyboarding skills will find less of a market when trying to find a job in business and industry. Many people who are already on the job will need to learn microcomputer keyboarding. Often change is threatening; however, in this case, it means greater efficiency and much-improved copy.
As you continue to practice and observe proper techniques, your speed and accuracy will increase, and you will feel pride in knowing that you have acquired a new and marketable professional skill.
You have the effrontery to be squeamish. But we were dragons. We were supposed to be cruel, cunning, heartless and terrible. But this much I can tell you, you ape - we never burned and tortured and ripped one another apart and called it morality.
afán
ascendiente
almunia
aducción
ajar
aerolito
aluciar
agujerar
anca
ambigüedad
alucinación
aguerrir
arco
abovedado
allanamiento
agraviar
artesano
acérrimo
alabadora
albedrio
aedo
anemómetro
amabilidad
alopatía
alcaidiado
anabolismo
altercar
apea
amenguamiento
anverso
anhelo
arcilla
alcaldía
acabado
apelable
abra
aristócrata
azacán
argólico
alga
anticuado
apabilado
armiñado
áureo
añejo
apabullar
artético
atrocidad
altitud
azarar
azoláceo
ascensor
abarca
axioma
avampiés
astigmatismo
alzar
azomar
avigorar
arcilla
ayuna
adonado
aflicción
agazapado
acecho
agnosia
anhelante
asesor
aducía
aluvión
apaciguar
arábigo
ahínco
aerolito
anulación
apabullado
alazán
adondequiera
astucia
alcahuete
alizar
acucioso
artificiosamente
The COVID-19 pandemic was one of the most disruptive events of the 21st century, affecting nearly every aspect of human life. Health systems across the world were overwhelmed, exposing gaps in medical infrastructure and preparedness. Millions of lives were lost, and mental health issues such as stress, anxiety, and depression increased during long periods of lockdowns and isolation. Education faced unprecedented challenges as schools and universities shifted to online modes, widening the digital divide between students with access to technology and those without. Social interactions, cultural activities, and daily routines underwent drastic changes, reshaping lifestyles and priorities. Beyond health, COVID-19 was a humanitarian crisis that highlighted the importance of resilience, cooperation, and global solidarity.
Economically, the pandemic had severe consequences, with job losses, supply chain disruptions, and reduced business activity leading to a global slowdown. Sectors like travel, hospitality, and retail were among the hardest hit, while digital services, e-commerce, and healthcare witnessed rapid growth. In India, initiatives such as the Atmanirbhar Bharat package and free ration distribution helped millions cope with hardships, though challenges like migrant labor displacement and rising unemployment revealed structural weaknesses. On a positive note, the crisis accelerated digital adoption, boosted innovation in remote working, and emphasized the need for strong healthcare systems and social security nets. The experience also underlined the importance of scientific research, as the development of vaccines in record time showed the power of global collaboration. In conclusion, while COVID-19 left deep scars, it also taught valuable lessons on preparedness, inclusivity, and sustainability, urging humanity to build a more resilient future.
Statistique appliquée à la psychologie – Dominique Knutsen
1. Organisation générale du cours et TD
1.1 Cours magistraux (CM)
6 CM en amphithéâtre sur le semestre, toutes les deux semaines.
Alternance CM/TD (6 TD).
Groupes C et D : diaporama ; groupes A et B : poly de CM.
Objectif : introduction progressive aux concepts statistiques, avec exercices pratiques en TD.
Prérequis : niveau 3ème en mathématiques.
Utilisation de Moodle pour les supports, exercices en ligne et glossaire :
Clé CM : ass5e5
Clé TD : pmtqtf
1.2 Travaux dirigés (TD)
Retrait obligatoire du poly TD dès TD1.
Structure du TD :
Partie A : objectifs.
Partie B : travail préparatoire en autonomie.
Partie C : travail à réaliser en séance.
Partie D : exercices supplémentaires pour s’entraîner à l’examen.
Calculatrice indispensable : type collège, TI-36X Pro ou Casio fx-991ES PLUS (mémoire vidée, pas de clavier alphanumérique).
Tutorats disponibles (préférables aux cours particuliers payants).
1.3 Évaluation
Examen final en janvier 2026 (rattrapage en juin 2026).
Durée : 2h, format QCM.
Formulaire fourni, pas besoin d’apprendre toutes les formules par cœur, mais savoir les appliquer.
2. Introduction à la statistique en psychologie
2.1 Pourquoi la statistique ?
Permet de valider des théories et développer de nouvelles hypothèses en psychologie.
Développe l’esprit critique face aux données, tableaux et graphiques.
Les chiffres permettent de simplifier des phénomènes complexes et d’éviter les illusions causales.
2.2 Qu’est-ce qu’une preuve ?
Preuve anecdotiques : basée sur des cas individuels, non systématiques.
Exemples : grand-père fumeur vivant jusqu’à 97 ans, 2 cas de leucémie près d’un pylône électrique.
Limites : ne permet pas de généralisation, mais utile comme :
donnée d’observation, contre-exemple, preuve d’existence, étude de cas, point de départ à une hypothèse.
Biais de confirmation : tendance à chercher uniquement des informations confirmant nos croyances.
Importance d’un raisonnement scientifique rigoureux pour éviter ce biais.
3. La méthode scientifique en sciences humaines et psychologie
3.1 Objectifs
Décrire, expliquer, prédire, et éventuellement maîtriser les comportements et phénomènes humains.
Comprendre les individus dans leur contexte (groupe, société).
3.2 Étapes principales
Formulation d’une problématique
Définir le but de la recherche et les questions auxquelles on espère répondre.
Exemple : "Le genre influence-t-il la réussite scolaire ?"
Définition des variables
Variable : ce qui peut varier chez un individu ou un groupe.
Modalités : formes que peut prendre la variable, doivent être exhaustives et incompatibles.
Exemples : CP, CE1, CE2, CM1, CM2 (exhaustives)
Bleu, rose, vert (incompatibles)
Choix de l’individu statistique et de l’échantillon
Population : ensemble complet sur lequel on souhaite généraliser.
Échantillon : sous-ensemble représentatif de la population.
Formulation d’une hypothèse
Réponse provisoire à une question de recherche, plausible, vérifiable, claire et précise.
Exemple : "Les filles réussissent mieux que les garçons."
Opérationnalisation des variables
Définir comment mesurer concrètement les variables.
Exemples :
VI (variable indépendante) : genre (fille/garçon)
VD (variable dépendante) : note obtenue à une épreuve nationale
Collecte des données
Passive : observation sans intervention.
Active : intervention pour contrôler la situation expérimentale.
Respect des questions éthiques : anonymat, confidentialité, consentement.
Analyse des données
Statistique descriptive : décrire les résultats de l’échantillon (ex. moyenne, écart-type).
Statistique inférentielle : généraliser les résultats à la population (L2+).
4. Types de variables
4.1 Variables qualitatives
Nominale : catégories sans ordre (ex. couleur préférée).
Ordinale : catégories ordonnées (ex. niveau de satisfaction : un peu – beaucoup – passionnément).
Dichotomique/binaire : ne peut prendre que deux valeurs (ex. chat ou chien).
4.2 Variables numériques
Continue : valeurs mesurables avec décimales possibles (ex. âge, taille).
Discrète : valeurs entières (ex. nombre de mangas achetés par mois).
5. Variabilité et synthèse des données
Variabilité inter-groupe : différences entre groupes (garçons vs filles).
Variabilité intra-groupe : différences entre individus du même groupe.
Variabilité intra-sujet : variations chez un même individu.
Importance de la taille de l’échantillon :
Petit → portrait-robot imprécis.
Grand → portrait-robot précis.
6. Exemple pratique
Problématique : le genre influence-t-il la réussite scolaire ?
Opérationnalisation : échantillon 40 enfants âgés de 8-9 ans.
VI : genre (fille/garçon)
VD : note finale à une épreuve nationale
Hypothèse : les filles obtiennent des scores moyens plus élevés.
Récolte des données : auprès des enseignants.
Résumé : moyenne des filles = 15,9 ; moyenne des garçons = 14,7
Interprétation : comparaison des scores → tendance de la VI sur la VD.
7. Objectifs du cours
Identifier les différents types de variables (nominale, ordinale, numérique).
Choisir la procédure statistique appropriée pour traiter les données.
Interpréter et conclure sur une analyse statistique : valeur typique, comparaison de groupes, etc.
8. Organisation future du cours
Chapitre 1 : Introduction
Chapitre 2 : Procédures générales
Chapitre 3 : Effet d’une variable catégorisée
Chapitre 4 : Procédures ordinales
Chapitre 5 : Tableau de contingence
Chapitre 6 : Association entre deux variables ordinales
Construire : ourdir les panacées futuribles avec une sagacité thaumaturgique et une propension à subvertir toute orthodoxie paradigmatique Se dépasser : convoiter des zéniths hyperouraniens et s’imposer des étalons surérogatoires pour transcender toute expectative profane Partager : s’agréger dans une commixtion philanthropique sous l’égide d’une dilection irénique et phylactérique Ravir le client : instituer le client en omphalos hiératique de chaque praxis
Construire : ourdir les panacées futuribles avec une sagacité thaumaturgique, et une propension à subvertir toute orthodoxie paradigmatique/Se dépasser : convoiter des zéniths hyperouraniens et s’imposer des étalons surérogatoires pour transcender toute expectative profane/Partager : s’agréger dans une commixtion philanthropique, sous l’égide d’une dilection irénique et phylactérique/Ravir le client : instituer le client en omphalos hiératique de chaque praxis
Construire : ourdir les panacées futuribles avec une sagacité thaumaturgique, et une propension à subvertir toute orthodoxie paradigmatique
Se dépasser : convoiter des zéniths hyperouraniens et s’imposer des étalons surérogatoires pour transcender toute expectative profane
Partager : s’agréger dans une commixtion philanthropique, sous l’égide d’une dilection irénique et phylactérique
Ravir le client : instituer le client en omphalos hiératique de chaque praxis
"En S.O.S Red de Asistencia recibimos llamados de conductores con distintos inconvenientes en ruta. El operador debe registrar de manera clara los datos del cliente: nombre completo, documento, patente y ubicación exacta. Los servicios más solicitados son remolque, cambio de neumático, carga de batería y apertura de vehículo. Es clave mantener la calma, brindar seguridad y confirmar el tiempo estimado de llegada de la ayuda solicitada.
El vídeo proporciona una manera eficaz para ayudarle a demostrar el punto. Cuando haga clic en Vídeo en línea, puede pegar el código para insertar del vídeo que desea agregar. También puede escribir una palabra clave para buscar en línea el vídeo que mejor se adapte a su documento.
Para otorgar a su documento un aspecto profesional, Word proporciona encabezados, pies de página, páginas de portada y diseños de cuadro de texto que se complementan entre sí. Por ejemplo, puede agregar una portada coincidente, el encabezado y la barra lateral. Haga clic en Insertar y elija los elementos que desee de las distintas galerías.
Los temas y estilos también ayudan a mantener su documento coordinado. Cuando haga clic en Diseño y seleccione un tema nuevo, cambiarán las imágenes, gráficos y gráficos SmartArt para que coincidan con el nuevo tema. Al aplicar los estilos, los títulos cambian para coincidir con el nuevo tema.
Ahorre tiempo en Word con nuevos botones que se muestran donde se necesiten. Para cambiar la forma en que se ajusta una imagen en el documento, haga clic y aparecerá un botón de opciones de diseño junto a la imagen. Cuando trabaje en una tabla, haga clic donde desee agregar una fila o columna y, a continuación, haga clic en el signo más.
La lectura es más fácil, también, en la nueva vista de lectura. Puede contraer partes del documento y centrarse en el texto que desee. Si necesita detener la lectura antes de llegar al final, Word le recordará dónde dejó la lectura, incluso en otros dispositivos.
El vídeo proporciona una manera eficaz para ayudarle a demostrar el punto. Cuando haga clic en Vídeo en línea, puede pegar el código para insertar del vídeo que desea agregar. También puede escribir una palabra clave para buscar en línea el vídeo que mejor se adapte a su documento.
Para otorgar a su documento un aspecto profesional, Word proporciona encabezados, pies de página, páginas de portada y diseños de cuadro de texto que se complementan entre sí. Por ejemplo, puede agregar una portada coincidente, el encabezado y la barra lateral. Haga clic en Insertar y elija los elementos que desee de las distintas galerías.
Los temas y estilos también ayudan a mantener su documento coordinado. Cuando haga clic en Diseño y seleccione un tema nuevo, cambiarán las imágenes, gráficos y gráficos SmartArt para que coincidan con el nuevo tema. Al aplicar los estilos, los títulos cambian para coincidir con el nuevo tema.
Ahorre tiempo en Word con nuevos botones que se muestran donde se necesiten. Para cambiar la forma en que se ajusta una imagen en el documento, haga clic y aparecerá un botón de opciones de diseño junto a la imagen. Cuando trabaje en una tabla, haga clic donde desee agregar una fila o columna y, a continuación, haga clic en el signo más.
La lectura es más fácil, también, en la nueva vista de lectura. Puede contraer partes del documento y centrarse en el texto que desee. Si necesita detener la lectura antes de llegar al final, Word le recordará dónde dejó la lectura, incluso en otros dispositivos.
Almendralejo está conmocionado. Se trata de una localidad relativamente pequeña (algo más de 33.000 habitantes), donde la gran mayoría de familias se conocen, conviven a diario, se cruzan en las calles… Padres que van a la escuela, niños y niñas que coinciden en clase desde hace muchos cursos, en las actividades extraescolares por las tardes... Y de repente, empiezan a saltar en los teléfonos móviles, en los grupos de Whatsapp, fotos de adolescentes del pueblo desnudas. Y la bola se va haciendo más grande.
Incluso hay padres con una doble espada de Damocles sobre sus cabezas, dobles víctimas. Tienen a un hijo que era el administrador inicial del chat, luego en Comisaría ha dicho que abandonó el grupo, y una hija de 12 años a la que le hicieron un montaje. Este lunes cogieron a su hijo y lo llevaron a la Comisaría a que contara su versión.
Hay mucho sufrimiento porque las imágenes parecen tan reales, los rostros con caras y ojos superpuestos en cuerpos de otras chicas, que no se da crédito. Lo de la Inteligencia Artificial y las aplicaciones queda todavía lejos para muchos padres. Hasta que una madre, la doctora influencer Miriam Al Adib, experta en educación sexual en adolescentes, lo sacó a luz este lunes, para intentar frenar unos reenvíos que parecían no tener fin.
A veces, las redes ayudan para que las niñas se sientan arropadas y para recibir el respaldo social. Es lo que ha logrado, por el momento, Miriam. Algunas de las menores van superando el miedo, el llanto y el enorme nerviosismo que están padeciendo en los últimos días tras ver las fotografías, que son hiperreales, subraya Miriam. Si tú no conoces realmente a mi hija como yo, crees que es ese cuerpo, te crees que es suyo, confiesa. Ahora, los padres temen que dichas imágenes hayan sido utilizadas en páginas especializadas de pornografía y sea muy difícil frenar esta espiral en esa vía: Ése es nuestro miedo.
In recent years, a growing number of young people have become increasingly sedentary due to prolonged use of computers. This trend is primarily driven by the digitalisation of education and entertainment. However, there are several viable solutions that parents, educators, and policymakers can implement to address this issue effectively.
One key reason for this phenomenon is the rise of digital learning. With the integration of technology into the education system, students are required to spend hours on computers for research, assignments, and virtual classes. In addition, the growing popularity of online gaming and social media platforms further contributes to excessive screen time. These digital forms of entertainment are designed to be immersive and addictive, often discouraging young individuals from engaging in outdoor or physical activities. The convenience and instant gratification of virtual interactions have replaced traditional pastimes such as sports and outdoor play.
To tackle this issue, a multi-faceted approach is needed. Firstly, parents should establish clear boundaries regarding screen time and encourage a balanced daily routine that includes physical activities. For instance, enrolling children in sports clubs or community-based recreational programmes can foster an active lifestyle. Secondly, schools can play a critical role by incorporating more physical education into the curriculum and promoting offline learning methods when possible. Finally, governments can launch awareness campaigns highlighting the health risks of a sedentary lifestyle and promote nationwide fitness initiatives targeted at the youth.
In conclusion, the overuse of computers among young people is mainly due to academic demands and the allure of digital entertainment. However, with coordinated efforts from families, schools, and authorities, it is possible to reduce screen dependency and promote a more active and healthier generation.
Let’s talk about Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, which is called North Korea in full.
In North Korea, you are forbidden to eat certain types of food like Biryani, Pasta and Pizza. And fast-food giants can never buy a land like McDonald’s, KFC, Hardee’s, Burger King, Pizza Hut, etc. Not even markets like Carrefour, Walmart and Malls.
Phones in North Korea like Arirang takes screenshots every 5 minutes if you do anything. And its Android OS version is copied not the original one.
You can only browse 27 sites in North Korea. And it is forbidden to browse something else because it will not work in the country.
When you are in-front of supreme leader named Kim Jong-un, Never sleep in-front of him or else he will execute you because once upon a time there was a man slept in-front of Kim Jong-un, and he just got executed with his aircraft in 2015.
If you don’t save your family and supreme leader’s picture when you house has catched on fire, the leader will execute you.
If you were born in North Korea, you would never get out because Kim Jong-un won’t allow you to get out of the country. None of the DPRK population can get out of their country except who? Except Kim Jong-un and why? Because he ruled DPRK.
The most bizarre law of North Korea is: Firstly: It’s illegal to show disrespect or make jokes about North Korea, current or former leaders or their families. Secondly: Execution before watching TV.
The TV in North Korea has not enough channels. Not like other countries. It has only four national channels which is full of army, military, and the national anthem. It has no internet.
Poverty eradication remains one of the most critical challenges for developing countries like India. Poverty is not just the lack of income but also deprivation of basic needs such as food, healthcare, education, and shelter. Despite India’s rapid economic growth in recent decades, millions still live below the poverty line, especially in rural areas. Factors such as unemployment, illiteracy, social inequality, and inadequate infrastructure perpetuate poverty. It is both an economic and social issue, as marginalized groups often remain trapped in a cycle of deprivation, unable to access opportunities that could improve their standard of living. Addressing poverty is therefore essential not only for economic development but also for social justice and inclusive growth.
Government initiatives, civil society programs, and international support play a vital role in poverty eradication. Schemes like MGNREGA, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, and free food distribution under the National Food Security Act have provided immediate relief, while financial inclusion initiatives like the Jan Dhan Yojana empower citizens by giving access to banking and credit facilities. Long-term solutions require investment in quality education, skill development, and employment generation, particularly for youth and women. Promoting entrepreneurship, microfinance, and rural infrastructure development ensures sustainable livelihoods. Additionally, reducing inequality through social welfare policies and progressive taxation supports inclusive growth. In conclusion, poverty eradication is not merely a policy goal but a moral responsibility. With sustained efforts combining economic reforms and human development, India can aspire to a society where every individual enjoys dignity, opportunity, and security.
