En los últimos tiempos es frecuente oír hablar con gran simpatía del pobre trabajador víctima de la explotación industrial, del hombre honrado, sin trabajo, que por todas partes busca inútilmente emplearse. Y a todo esto se mezclan palabras duras contra los que están arriba, y nada se dice del jefe de industria que envejece prematuramente luchando en vano por enseñar a ejecutar a otros un trabajo que ni quieren aprender ni les importa; ni de su larga y paciente lucha con colaboradores que no colaboran y que sólo esperan verlo volver la espalda para malgastar el tiempo. En todo almacén, en toda fábrica, hay una continua renovación de empleados. El jefe despide a cada instante a individuos incapaces de impulsar su industria y llama a otros a ocupar sus puestos. Y esta escogencia no cesa en tiempo alguno ni en los buenos ni en los malos. Con la sola diferencia de que cuando hay escasez de trabajo la selección se hace mejor; pero en todo tiempo y siempre el incapaz es despedido; "la ley de la supervivencia de los mejores se impone". Por interés propio todo patrono conserva a su servicio a los más hábiles: aquellos capaces de llevar la carta a García.
Al tercer día se hicieron unas bodas en Caná de Galilea; y estaba allí la madre de Jesús. 2 Y fueron también invitados a las bodas Jesús y sus discípulos. 3 Y faltando el vino, la madre de Jesús le dijo: No tienen vino. 4 Jesús le dijo: ¿Qué tienes conmigo, mujer? Aún no ha venido mi hora. 5 Su madre dijo a los que servían: Haced todo lo que os dijere. 6 Y estaban allí seis tinajas de piedra para agua, conforme al rito de la purificación de los judíos, en cada una de las cuales cabían dos o tres cántaros. 7 Jesús les dijo: Llenad estas tinajas de agua. Y las llenaron hasta arriba. 8 Entonces les dijo: Sacad ahora, y llevadlo al maestresala. Y se lo llevaron. 9 Cuando el maestresala probó el agua hecha vino, sin saber él de dónde era, aunque lo sabían los sirvientes que habían sacado el agua, llamó al esposo, 10 y le dijo: Todo hombre sirve primero el buen vino, y cuando ya han bebido mucho, entonces el inferior; mas tú has reservado el buen vino hasta ahora. 11 Este principio de señales hizo Jesús en Caná de Galilea, y manifestó su gloria; y sus discípulos creyeron en él.
12 Después de esto descendieron a Capernaum, él, su madre, sus hermanos y sus discípulos; y estuvieron allí no muchos días. 13 Estaba cerca la pascua de los judíos; y subió Jesús a Jerusalén, 14 y halló en el templo a los que vendían bueyes, ovejas y palomas, y a los cambistas allí sentados. 15 Y haciendo un azote de cuerdas, echó fuera del templo a todos, y las ovejas y los bueyes; y esparció las monedas de los cambistas, y volcó las mesas; 16 y dijo a los que vendían palomas: Quitad de aquí esto, y no hagáis de la casa de mi Padre casa de mercado. 17 Entonces se acordaron sus discípulos que está escrito: El celo de tu casa me consume. 18 Y los judíos respondieron y le dijeron: ¿Qué señal nos muestras, ya que haces esto? 19 Respondió Jesús y les dijo: Destruid este templo, y en tres días lo levantaré. 20 Dijeron luego los judíos: En cuarenta y seis años fue edificado este templo, ¿y tú en tres días lo levantarás? 21 Mas él hablaba del templo de su cuerpo. 22 Por tanto, cuando resucitó de entre los muertos, sus discípulos se acordaron que había dicho esto; y creyeron la Escritura y la palabra que Jesús había dicho. 23 Estando en Jerusalén en la fiesta de la pascua, muchos creyeron en su nombre, viendo las señales que hacía. 24 Pero Jesús mismo no se fiaba de ellos, porque conocía a todos, 25 y no tenía necesidad de que nadie le diese testimonio del hombre, pues él sabía lo que había en el hombre.
En los últimos tiempos es frecuente oír hablar con gran simpatía del pobre trabajador víctima de la explotación industrial, del hombre honrado, sin trabajo, que por todas partes busca inútilmente emplearse. Y a todo esto se mezclan palabras duras contra los que están arriba, y nada se dice del jefe de industria que envejece prematuramente luchando en vano por enseñar a ejecutar a otros un trabajo que ni quieren aprender ni les importa; ni de su larga y paciente lucha con colaboradores que no colaboran y que sólo esperan verlo volver la espalda para malgastar el tiempo. En todo almacén, en toda fábrica, hay una continua renovación de empleados. El jefe despide a cada instante a individuos incapaces de impulsar su industria y llama a otros a ocupar sus puestos. Y esta escogencia no cesa en tiempo alguno ni en los buenos ni en los malos. Con la sola diferencia de que cuando hay escasez de trabajo la selección se hace mejor; pero en todo tiempo y siempre el incapaz es despedido; "la ley de la supervivencia de los mejores se impone". Por interés propio todo patrono conserva a su servicio a los más hábiles: aquellos capaces de llevar la carta a García.
The law of specific nerve energies was stated by Johannes Muller, which means that the nature of a sensation depends on which nerve is stimulated, not on how it is stimulated.
The area of the retina that is specialized for acute, detailed vision is the fovea, which is filled with only cones and not rods.
Toward the periphery of the retina, more and more receptors converge onto bipolar and ganglion cells and, as a result, the brain cannot detect the exact location of a peripheral light source.
The ganglion cells in the fovea of humans and other primates are called midget ganglion cells.
Jaquan has gone outside and forgot his sunglasses. What will happen to his rods in bright daylight? They will be bleached.
Foveal vision contains cones as receptors .
Cones provide about 90 percent of the visual input to the brain.
According to the trichromatic theory, which of the following best explains how/why we discriminate among wavelengths of light? We use the ratio of activity across the three types of cones.
The opponent process theory posits that we perceive color on a continuum from red to green, another from yellow to blue, and another from white to black.
The retinex theory can account for the constancy of color across different lighting conditions.
In mammalian vision, most ganglion cell axons go to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
Scott is looking at a series of grayscale bars. While he stares at a darker bar, it seems as if the border with a lighter bar seems "highlighted." What could explain why he is seeing this visual effect? Lateral inhibition
Which type of ganglion cells are distributed evenly throughout the retina and have relatively large cell bodies and receptive fields? Magnocellular
Elsa has had damage to area V1. As such, she may experience blindsight, the ability to respond in limited ways to visual information without perceiving it consciously.
Which type of visual cortex cell responds equally to stimuli throughout a large receptive field? Complex
Terrance is an infant who was born with congenital cataracts. If the cataracts are not removed until childhood, what are the likely effects? His motion and depth perception will remain permanently impaired.
Mitsuko is holding an object that he can see is an apple because of the ventral pathway or stream through the temporal cortex. This path is also called the What pathway, because it is specialized for identifying and recognizing objects.
Which part of the facial recognition system responds strongly to a face viewed from any angle, as well as line drawings and anything else that looks like a face? Fusiform gyrus
Oliver has been diagnosed with prosopagnosia. What is his main symptom? He cannot recognize faces.
Cells in the medial temporal cortex respond selectively when something moves at a particular speed in a particular direction.
The law of specific nerve energies was stated by Johannes Müller, which means that the nature of a sensation depends on which nerve is stimulated, not on how it is stimulated.
The area of the retina that is specialized for acute, detailed vision is the fovea, which is filled with only cones and not rods.
Toward the periphery of the retina, more and more receptors converge onto bipolar and ganglion cells and, as a result, the brain cannot detect the exact location of a peripheral light source.
The ganglion cells in the fovea of humans and other primates are called midget ganglion cells.
Jaquan has gone outside and forgot his sunglasses. What will happen to his rods in bright daylight? They will be bleached.
Foveal vision contains cones as receptors .
Cones provide about 90 percent of the visual input to the brain.
According to the trichromatic theory, which of the following best explains how/why we discriminate among wavelengths of light? We use the ratio of activity across the three types of cones.
The opponent process theory posits that we perceive color on a continuum from red to green, another from yellow to blue, and another from white to black.
The retinex theory can account for the constancy of color across different lighting conditions.
In mammalian vision, most ganglion cell axons go to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
Scott is looking at a series of grayscale bars. While he stares at a darker bar, it seems as if the border with a lighter bar seems "highlighted." What could explain why he is seeing this visual effect? Lateral inhibition
Which type of ganglion cells are distributed evenly throughout the retina and have relatively large cell bodies and receptive fields? Magnocellular
Elsa has had damage to area V1. As such, she may experience blindsight, the ability to respond in limited ways to visual information without perceiving it consciously.
Which type of visual cortex cell responds equally to stimuli throughout a large receptive field? Complex
Terrance is an infant who was born with congenital cataracts. If the cataracts are not removed until childhood, what are the likely effects? His motion and depth perception will remain permanently impaired.
Mitsuko is holding an object that he can see is an apple because of the ventral pathway or stream through the temporal cortex. This path is also called the What pathway, because it is specialized for identifying and recognizing objects.
Which part of the facial recognition system responds strongly to a face viewed from any angle, as well as line drawings and anything else that looks like a face? Fusiform gyrus
Oliver has been diagnosed with prosopagnosia. What is his main symptom? He cannot recognize faces.
Cells in the medial temporal cortex respond selectively when something moves at a particular speed in a particular direction.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder classified by the DMS-V such that people: will restrict energy intake (food), have an intense fear of weight gain OR undertake behaviours to avoid weight gain, have a distorted perception of body + body shape influences self-evaluation where they don't recognise low body weight, and exists in two subtypes: restrictive or binge-purge. The impact of anorexia nervosa is that it can lead to many health problems, cardiovascular, respiratory, amenorrhea, bone density and electrolyte problems, hair loss, cognitive disruption, among other.
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder classified by the DSM-V such that people will binge eat (recurrently), and then subsequently engage in compensatory behaviour such as intense exercising, vomiting, laxatives. They must be doing this at least once a week for 3 months, and it must not be during episodes of anorexia. The impact of this includes dental problems, electrolyte balance issues and risk of chronic physical illness, it can continue on for quite some time because it can be hidden.
Binge eating disorders are classified by the DSM-V as recurrent binge eating (large and lack of control), associated with 3 or more of: quicker than normal, more than normal, embarassment (eat alone), guilt/depressed afterwards. There must be significant distress regarding binge eating and it must be once per week for 3 months, with NO compensatory behaviours. The impact of this is obesity, and can be less disruptive.
Anxiety disorders have common themes: they occur almost always, often are avoided or endured, out of proportion, persistent, cause major distress or impair functioning and are not better explained by other disorders. The key difference between social anxiety and generalised anxiety is that social situations themselves need to trigger anxiety, rather than stressing about social situations.
Panic disorder involves panic attacks, unexpectedly. The mnemonic we can use for panic disorder symptoms is: STUDENTS Fear 3C's: Sweating, Trembling, Unsteady, Depersonalisation, Excessive heart rate, Nausea, Tingling, Shortness of breath, Fear, Chest pain, Chilled, Choking. It must involve panic attacks, unexpectedly, followed by at least 1 month of concern and/or maladaptive behaviour change. Cannot have medical conditions or be better explained by other disorders. Commonly, for exams, there will be a quote saying the person felt like they were going to die.
Agoraphobia is an irrational fear or anxiety about 2 of the following 5: public transport, open spaces, closed spaces, lines/crowds, or leaving home alone. This includes fear or avoidance due to concern for no escape, it almost always provokes fear and it out or proportion. Must be persistent for greater than 6 months and cause significant distress or impairment.
Specific phobia: fear or anxiety about a SPECIFIC object, almost always, avoided or endured, excessive fear, persistent greater than 6 months, significant distress or impairment, not better explained by another disorder.
Separation anxiety disorder must be developmentally inappropriate and include an excessive fear of separation from attachment, including 3 or more of: worry about harm of figure, worry about an event causing separation, refusal to go out, physical symptoms, big fear of being alone, nightmares, distress of separation, reluctance towards sleeping without attachment figure. For separation anxiety disorder we can use the mnemonic: HUG PANDas: harm or loss, untoward event, going out of home, physical symptoms, alone is a big fear, nightmares, distress of separation, sleeping without attachment figure.
Generalized anxiety disorder: WATCHER. Worry and Anxiety for Time more than 6 months. Controlling worry is difficult. It is Handicapping (restlessness, fatigue, mind blank, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance). Must Exclude another mental disorder and Rule out other medical condition for GAD. GAD is difficult to control and manifests with 3 or more of the WATCHER characteristics.
PTSD we can use the TRAUMA mnemonic: Trauma, re-experience, avoidance, unable to function, month or more, arousal (to stimuli that reminds you of what happened). Note that if it is less than one month, it is classed as acute stress disorder.
Obsessive compulsive disorder: obsessions, compulsions or both. Obsessions are recurrent thoughts with attempts to ignore them, and compulsions are repetitive behaviours with an aim to reduce or prevent anxiety.
Major depressive disorder: C GASP DIE: concentration, guilt, appetite, sleep disturbance, psychomotor distortion, death or suicidal ideation, interests, energy. Must have depressed mood or anhedonia for 2 weeks or more before it can be depression.
Intellectual disability disorder (IDD) is when children have intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social and practical domains. Must meet the three criteria of: Intellectual deficits, Adaptive functioning deficits (communication, social participation, independent living, across multiple environments), and onset during developmental period.
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that has cognitive, social and sensory processing differences which shape a child's understanding and interactions with the world. AUTISTICS mnemonic can be used: Again and again (repetitive), unusual reactivity, toddlers, insistence on sameness, socioemotional reciprocity deficits, to relate with others is difficult, impairment, communication (non-verbal), social communication below expected.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has three types: inattentive, hyperactive or combined. There must be a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development: in the last 6 months, inappropriate for developmental level, 12 years, needs to be in 2 or more settings, causing significant impairment.
Given what is known about facial expressions in people born blind, Peleg et al. (2006) suggest a genetic role in the ability to produce facial expressions.
Prior to Mendel's work with genetics, it was thought that if two colored flowers (one red and one white) were mated, the resulting flower would be pink because mixing red and white blend to make pink.
A dominant gene shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition. A recessive gene only shows an effect in the homozygous condition.
Ralph was born with red-green color blindness. His sister, Ana, was not. This makes sense, as men tend to have more trouble with red-green color blindness because the red-green gene is a sex-linked gene.
Lenore Aberle was born in a small town during the middle of a civil war. Scientists have found that many babies born during that time have health and weight issues not seen in other babies born outside of the war zone. Lenore's situation is best explained by the study of epigenetics.
International migrants are not commonly used to study genetic contributions to behavior?
There are many misconceptions about evolution. The following are all myths about evolution: “Humans have stopped evolving," "Evolution always means 'improvement," "Humans don't use the little toe, so little toes are getting smaller over time."
The following is NOT a myth about evolution: "Evolution doesn't benefit the individual for the species because it benefits the genes."
The branch of psychology that studies how behavior has evolved over time is known as evolutionary psychology.
Kat is studying altruistic behavior and how it benefits the species. What theory should Kat NOT use as an example to support this relationship? Mate selection
The nervous system will begin to form when the human embryo is about 2 weeks old.
In the developing brain, the formation of synapses begins before birth and continues through life and is known as synaptogenesis.
Dr. Weiss's famous studies on chemical pathfinding by axons was conducted using salamanders and their legs.
When forming connections with muscles, an axon that doesn't receive nerve growth factor (NGF) will degenerate and the cell body will die.
According to many neuroscientists, even slight disruption during gastrulation (one of the initial stages of embryological development where the nervous system begins to form) will result in long-term developmental and neurological problems.
One of the classic studies to demonstrate synaptic organization and change related to experience was done by looking at dendritic branching in animal models. The more stimulating the environment, the more change that was seen.
The most likely form of brain damage in younger people is closed head injury.
The most common type of stroke is ischemic (which results from a blood clot or other obstruction to the blood vessels). The less common type of stroke is hemorrhagic (which results from the rupture or leakage of a blood vessel in the brain).
Recent studies have shown that exposure to THC, the active chemical in marijuana, can reduce some of the effects of a stroke in laboratory animals.
If damaged, axons in the PNS can grow back slowly if allowed to follow the original myelin sheath. However, axons in the CNS have a harder time growing back in part because the astrocytes produce a lot of scarring.
Unfortunately, Nakita had to have a leg amputated after a serious injury. Later during recovery, she noticed that it still felt like her leg was present. This is likely due to a phantom limb experience.
Dot is a cat with a huge brown spot on her dorsal side. The rest of her fur is white. Where is the spot located? On Dot's back.
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord called dorsal root ganglia
On the Fourth of July, Charlie was startled by some loud fireworks. As such, his sympathetic axons prepared his body for fight or flight.
The parasympathetic system consists of the cranial nerves and nerves from the sacral spinal cord.
The medulla controls vital reflexes including breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing.
The superior colliculus is a part of the brain that is very important for vision.
Following a stroke, Mr. Smith suffered damage to his hypothalamus. His doctors warned his family that he might now have alterations in motivated behaviors like hunger, thirst, and sex.
The basal ganglia are implicated in movement disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's.
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by cells called the choroid plexus.
The cerebral cortex is organized in six layers of cell bodies called laminae, which are parallel to the surface of the cortex.
Primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe.
Dr. Chiarella's lab studies the primary somatosensory cortex, located in the parietal lobe.
The temporal lobe contributes to complex aspects of vision, including perception of movement and recognition of faces.
The primary motor cortex is in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
The question of how various brain areas combine to produce integrated behavior and experience is referred to as the binding problem.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a procedure that enables researchers to study behavior with some brain area active, then inactive, and then active again.
Dr. Kerr's lab uses a procedure called optogenetics that uses light to control a small population of neurons.
The MEG technique measures the faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity.
Research using contemporary imaging methods have shown that people with a larger amygdala tend to have more social contacts
Phrenology (relating skull anatomy to behavior) is invalid for many reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons? They based conclusions on large numbers of people with similar bumps on the skull.
Serving as a co-director of the Saturday Program taught me what effective teamwork and leadership look like: empathy for teammates, innovation when processes break, and careful attention to detail. Mid-term, one co-director fell behind on tutor–tutee matching. When I checked in privately, I learned she was juggling exams and multiple part-time jobs to support her family. Rather than push harder on the same process, we regrouped as a team to redesign the workflow.
I built a Python script that automated matching by subject, availability, and gender preference, cutting more than 5 hours of manual work each cycle and reliably matching more than 200 pairs. Others take charge of communications: a mail-merge for customized emails, a shared tracker for exceptions, and clear roles for follow-ups. We documented the new steps so anyone could cover for anyone else. The result was on-time placements, fewer errors, and a calmer start to the term—without burning out a teammate.
Relevance to medicine: Team-based care depends on the same habits. First, lead with empathy—understand constraints (work shifts, caregiving, finances) before assigning tasks or plans. Second, improve the system, not just the person—use simple tools and shared checklists so care is timely and consistent. Third, clarify roles and handoffs—who contacts whom, by when, and how we close the loop. Finally, write it down so the team can sustain the change.
These lessons will make me a future resident who keeps patients at the centre while helping the team deliver reliable, equitable care.
When I was a kid, I feel like you heard the thing, you heard the term. Don't cry you don't need to cry. Crying is the most beautiful thing you can do. I encourage people to cry, I cry all the time and I think it's the most healthy expression of how you're feeling. And I sometimes wish I just could have been told you can cry, there's no shame in that, there is no shame in how you're feeling. And also you don't need to always be justifying, because I think I was constantly trying to come up with reasons why rather than just being accepted for what it was. I have anxiety, I have depression, okay but why? Well sometimes there isn't.
When I was a kid, I feel like you heard the thing, you heard the term. Don't cry you don't need to cry. Crying is the most beautiful thing you can do. I encourage people to cry, I cry all the time and I think it's the most healthy expression of how you're feeling. And I sometimes wish I just could have been told you can cry, there's no shame in that, there is no shame in how you're feeling. And also you don't need to always be justifying, because I think I was constantly trying to come up with reasons why rather than just being accepted for what it was. I have anxiety, I have depression, okay but why? Well sometimes there isn't.
Hello, Thank you for contacting eBay customer support regarding your sales. My name is XXXX and I am happy to assist you. I understand that you are concerned about increasing your sales.
I also understand that you wish that your item should be visible on top while searching items. I appreciate your efforts in clarifying the issue with us. Do not worry; I will help you with this. I have checked the details and I can see that your listings have good views count but it may be possible that the sales are less.
I would like to share that the sales are dependent on the number of factors. The major one is to get your listings in the top of the search results. Please allow me to share that there are certain criteria which suppose to match to appear your listing in first.
We calculate Best Match based on a number of parameters. Best Match is the default sort option for eBay’s search engine. Unlike the other eBay sort options which look at a single portion of a listing (Price, Time ending, Newly Listed, etc.), Best Match sorts items based on a large number of factors.
Best Match has been designed to help make shopping an easy and enjoyable experience for buyers. Its job is to bring buyers together with the best items from the best sellers based on the information the buyer enters into search. It was also designed to help avoid bad buying experiences.
However here are some tips on how to optimize visibility and consecutively increase the sales. The following is relevant for Buy It Now as well as Auction listings: Seller Performance & Detailed Seller Ratings: Try to reach the minimum Seller Standards, as listings from sellers not reaching the minimum Seller Standards will be demoted in Search.
If you reach the Top Rated Seller thresholds your listings will get an additional boost in Best Match sort order. Gain a recent Sales history: The more sales you get from one listing, the better it will be displayed in search. Once you have gained some sales and the listing is ended, it would be best in order to keep the history to relist your item.
Title: The listing title needs to be relevant for the listing. It is important to not use keywords in the title which are not relevant for the listings. This keyword spamming will lead to more search impression but no sales. Therefore the search impression over recent sales ratio will decrease.
Offer competitive prices: The better value a listing is, the more buyers it is likely to get, and therefore the higher its recent sales score. Sellers who price items low and try to make up for it with high P&P costs will score poorly in the P&P DSR, and will feature lower as a result. Free Packaging and Postage: Try to offer free shipping, listings offering free shipping will get a boost in search and appear higher.
I am optimistic that your sales will increase and the issue will be resolved soon. Thank you for choosing eBay! It was my pleasure to assist you, have a great day. If you need any additional assistance, please feel free to contact us back. Wishing you a very joyful New Year ahead! Kind Regards, eBay Customer Service.
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
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the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
I really, really want everyone, especially young people, to know that the hundreds or thousands of dumb ideas I’ve had are what led me to my good ideas. You have to give yourself permission to fail. I try as hard as I can not to fail because it’s embarrassing, but I do give myself permission to fail, and you should too. Go easy on yourselves and just make the right choices that feel right for you. Someday, someone might think that you’ve been innovative.
Di Malaysia, Deepavali diraikan dengan semangat perpaduan dan kemeriahan. Rumah terbuka mengeratkan hubungan antara kaum. Rakan berlainan agama turut menikmati juadah tradisional. Perayaan ini melambangkan keharmonian, kasih sayang dan kebersamaan rakyat yang hidup aman damai bersama.
Deepavali mengajar manusia menghargai kebenaran dan kasih sayang. Cahaya melambangkan ilmu yang menghapuskan kejahilan serta kebencian. Ia menyeru kita memperbaiki diri, saling memaafkan dan menyebarkan kebaikan agar dunia sentiasa diterangi sinar kedamaian serta perpaduan sejati.
Menjelang Deepavali, rumah dibersihkan dan dihiasi pelita berwarna-warni. Bau murukku dan laddu memenuhi udara. Kanak-kanak menyalakan bunga api sambil keluarga berkumpul dalam suasana ceria. Semangat kekeluargaan dan kesyukuran menjadi nadi utama sambutan ini.
Філософія позитивної психології являє собою докорінний зсув парадигми в психологічній науці, який часто називають "третім стовпом" психології, після психоаналізу та біхевіоризму. Її основна ідея, сформульована Мартіном Селігманом, полягає в тому, що психологія має вивчати не лише те, що зламано (патології, хвороби, травми), але й те, що працює, тобто людські сильні сторони, добробут та процвітання. Філософська відправна точка цієї школи полягає у запереченні моделі хвороби, яка домінувала в галузі протягом більшої частини XX століття, з її фокусом виключно на лікуванні. Позитивна психологія не заперечує важливості лікування психічних розладів, але стверджує, що повне розуміння людини вимагає дослідження позитивних станів і якостей, таких як мудрість, мужність, гумор, справедливість та любов. Ця філософія прагне відповісти на питання: що робить життя гідним того, щоб його проживати, і як людина може повністю реалізувати свій потенціал? Вона переводить вікові філософські концепції евдемонії (процвітання, життя згідно з доброчесністю) та гедонізму (задоволення) у площину емпірично перевірених наукових конструкцій. Таким чином, позитивна психологія є не просто набором методів для "стану щастя", а цілісним філософським підходом до вивчення оптимального людського функціонування.
Центральною філософською концепцією позитивної психології є Модель PERMA, розроблена Селігманом як основа для вимірювання та досягнення психологічного благополуччя. Ця модель відображає п’ять необхідних елементів процвітаючого життя. P (Позитивні емоції) — це про культивування почуттів, які розширюють наше мислення і поведінку (радість, надія, інтерес). E (Залученість) — це про стан потоку (коли людина повністю поглинена діяльністю, використовуючи свої сильні сторони). R (Стосунки) — підкреслює фундаментальну важливість глибоких, підтримуючих соціальних зв’язків для людського щастя. M (Сенс) — це відчуття приналежності та служіння чомусь більшому, ніж власне «Я» (справа, релігія, суспільство). І, нарешті, A (Досягнення) — це відчуття компетентності, успіху та прагнення до майстерності заради самого процесу, а не лише заради нагород. Філософський зріз цієї моделі полягає у ствердженні, що справжнє щастя (евдемонія) є результатом збалансованого поєднання всіх п'яти елементів, а не лише гонитви за задоволеннями. Це активна робота над життям, а не пасивне очікування, що добробут настане сам по собі. Цей підхід відходить від самоорієнтованого погляду на щастя, включаючи в нього елементи стосунків та сенсу, що виходять за межі особистості.
Етична та практична філософія позитивної психології вимагає автентичності та реалістичного оптимізму. Вона рішуче відмежовується від явища «токсичного позитиву», яке змушує людей придушувати чи ігнорувати природні негативні емоції, такі як смуток, гнів чи страх. Філософія позитивної психології визнає, що негативні емоції є необхідними і адаптивними сигналами, які допомагають нам виживати та вирішувати проблеми. Натомість, вона пропонує інтервенції та практики, що свідомо зміщують баланс на користь позитивних станів та ресурсів. Це передбачає свідоме культивування вдячності, прощення, співчуття до себе та інших, а також ідентифікацію та щоденне використання своїх характерних сильних сторін. З наукової точки зору, ці практики сприяють нейропластичності — здатності мозку змінюватися, створюючи нові нейронні шляхи, які роблять позитивні, конструктивні думки та реакції більш автоматичними з часом. Таким чином, філософія позитивної психології не просто описує щастя, а надає науково обґрунтований план дій, стверджуючи, що процвітання є досяжним результатом, який можна активно створювати та підтримувати протягом усього життя.
A minha família é constituída por mim, pelo meu pai, a minha mãe, a minha irmã, os meus avós maternos e o meu avô paterno.
O meu pai chama-se Miguel. Tem 58 anos, é alto e moreno, com olhos castanhos. Conheceu a minha mãe, Maria, na faculdade, quando estavam a estudar psicologia. A minha mãe tem 55 anos e é ruiva, com olhos azuis.
A minha irmã chama-se Joana e tem 25 anos. Tem o cabelo ruivo, como a minha mãe, e os olhos castanhos como o meu pai. Estudou jornalismo, mas agora trabalha numa empresa de publicidade.
Os meus avós maternos, Manuel e Irene, têm ambos 80 anos. Conheceram-se numa festa na sua aldeia há 60 anos e estão juntos desde então.
O meu avô paterno, Francisco, é agricultor. Apesar dos seus 85 anos, é muito alto e continua a ter muita força. “Trabalhar no campo mantém-me forte”, diz ele.
Філософія позитивної психології — це спроба повернути науку про людину до її справжніх витоків: пошуку сенсу, добра і внутрішнього зростання. Вона виникла як відповідь на однобічність класичної психології, яка протягом десятиліть зосереджувалася переважно на патологіях, кризах, розладах і болю. Позитивна психологія не заперечує цих аспектів, але пропонує іншу перспективу: не лише лікувати, а й допомагати людині розкривати потенціал, зміцнювати здоров’я, відчувати радість буття та цілісність. У її основі — переконання, що психічне благополуччя не зводиться до відсутності проблем. Людина може бути не депресивною, але й не щасливою. Завдання психології — не лише прибрати страждання, а створити умови для процвітання.
Цей напрямок тісно пов’язаний із гуманістичною традицією, але відрізняється прагненням до емпіричного підтвердження своїх принципів. Якщо гуманістична психологія говорила про самоактуалізацію, то позитивна прагне виміряти, що саме сприяє щастю, сенсу та внутрішній силі. Вона розглядає щастя не як випадковий дар, а як результат певних дій і звичок. Мартін Селігман, засновник руху, сформулював концепцію PERMA — позитивні емоції, залученість, стосунки, сенс і досягнення. Ці п’ять компонентів утворюють модель благополуччя, яку можна розвивати свідомо. Людина не приречена на пасивне існування; вона здатна вибудовувати власну життєву філософію через цінності, вдячність і дію.
Філософія позитивної психології опирається на ідею евдемонії, яку ще Арістотель описував як життя, спрямоване на розвиток чеснот і досягнення гармонії між собою та світом. На відміну від гедонізму, який шукає задоволення, евдемонічний підхід ставить у центрі сенс. Людина, яка має сенс, може витримати біль, сум і невизначеність, бо бачить глибшу мету. Тому сучасна позитивна психологія не уникає темних сторін досвіду — навпаки, вона визнає, що саме через втрати, кризи й випробування ми можемо зрозуміти, хто ми є. Так виникає друге покоління позитивної психології, або Positive Psychology 2.0, яке інтегрує страждання як частину зростання.
З філософської точки зору, цей напрямок повертає психології гуманність. Він говорить про гідність, про добро як внутрішню силу, про вдячність і співчуття як рушії розвитку. Позитивна психологія не намагається зробити життя постійно приємним — вона вчить бачити красу навіть у недосконалості, приймати емоції як частину цілісного досвіду, знаходити сенс у щоденному. Вона закликає жити не заради ідеалу успіху, а заради відчуття повноти життя, у якому є місце і радості, і суму, і натхненню, і тиші.
Таким чином, філософія позитивної психології — це філософія зрілості. Вона поєднує науку і мудрість, раціональність і дух, дослідження й етику. Це не просто вчення про щастя, а спосіб мислення, у якому кожна людина сприймається як цінність, а її життя — як простір для росту, сенсу і творчості.
